DOTA2 7.05更新了什么 DOTA2 7.05更新内容介绍

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??	30,370,000km2
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百度中景信集团常务副总经理张平表示，中景信选择项目的标准是必须具备稀缺性，能够将其作为吸引力，打造旅游产品。

????(Africa)? ???, ????? ?? ???? 3??? ? ????. ??? ?? ?? ??? 30,370,000km²??, ?? ??? 6%??, ?? ??? 20.4%? ????.^[1] 61? ??? 11? ?(2014? ??)? ?? ???, ?? ??? 14.8%? ????. ???? ?? ???? ???? ???, ????? ??? ??? ??, ????? ???, ???? ???? ??. ? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ? 55??? ??. ???? ????? ????? ???? ??? ???? 55???? ???? ??.

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???(Afri)? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ?????. ? ??? ?? ?????? "??"? ??? ???(afar)? ?????, 1981?? ?? ??^[4]? ??? ??? "??"? ??? ????? ?? ???(ifri)? ???(ifran)?? ?? ??, ??? ?? ??? ???? ??^[5] ???? ?? ???, ???^[5]? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ????.(???? ???? ??)^[6]

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????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??, ????? ??? ??? ?? ? 163km? ??? ??(??? ??? ????)?? ????.^[9] (?????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??.)^[10]

?? ??? ??? ?? ? ???(37°21′ N)?? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?( 34°51′15″ S)?? ??? ? 8,000 ????? ???.^[11] ? ?? ??? ????(17°33′22″ W)?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??(51°27′52″ E)?? ??? ? 7,400km??.^[12] ???? 26,000km? ??? ?? ???, ??? ????? 1/3 ??? 10,400,000 km²?? ?? ?? ??? ???? 32,000km? ???.^[12]

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??????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????.^[14] ??? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????, ?? ??? ???? ? ??? ???.^[14] ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???.^[14] ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???.^[14]

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????????? ????? ??, 1974? 11? 24? ??????? ??.

????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??????, ????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??.^[15]^[16] 20?? ?? ?????? ?? 7??? ? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?????. ????????? ?????(???? ????? ?? ??? 3?9??~3?? ??),^[17] ?????? ????(?? ??? 2?3??~1?4?? ??)),^[18] ?? ?????(??? 1?9??~6?? ??) ? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?????.^[1]

?? ??? ????? (?? ??? ?????) ??? ????, ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???.^[19]^[20]^[21]

?? ??? ???(??? 10,500? ? ??) ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?????, ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ? ??? ????. ??? ??? ???? ????? ??? 5000?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?? ???. ???? ???? ?? ?2?? ?? ??? ???? ??, ???? ?? ????? ???? ?????. ? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???. ? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ????, ?? 200? ? ?? ??????? ????.

?????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???????, ?? ?????? ??? ??? ???. ??? 6000?? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ???.^[22] ???-??? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????.

??? 4000?? ???? ??? ???? ?????.^[23] ? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?????, ???? ????. ???? ??? ? ? ?? ?? ????, ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ? ?????.^[23]

??? 1000??, ?????? ??? ????, ???? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?????.^[24] ??? 500?? ?? ??? ??????? ??????. ??? 500??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??????, ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???. ???, ?????, ???, ??????? ??? 500??? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ????, ? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ? ? ??.^[23]

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??? ?? ??? ??? 2?? ??. ??? 1400??.

??? 3300?? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????.^[25] ????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? 343??? ?????.^[26]^[27] ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??,^[28] ???, ????? ?? ??, ????? ????. ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????.^[29]^[30]

????? ? ? ???? ?? ????? ??????. ??? 332?? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?????. ??????? ???? ??????? ????, ?? ?? ? ? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ?????.^[31] ?? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????, ? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?????. ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?? ? ??. ???? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ??????, ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????? ????, ?? 6???? ??????? ????.

7?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ?????. ? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?????.8??? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ????, ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ? ?????? ????. ??? ?????? ???? ????, ?????, ??, ???, ???? ???? ???. ? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???.^[32]

9?? ~ 18??

?? ?? ??? ?????? 10,000? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???.^[33] ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????. ? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??, ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ? ? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???, ? ??? ????? ?? ?? ??, ?? ??? ???, ?????? ???? ???(Igbo) ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???.

??? 9??? ?? ??? ? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????. ? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??, ??, ??-??? ?????. ??? 11??? ??????, ?? ??? ?? ?? 13??? ?? ?? ???? ?????. ??? 11??? ???? ?????.

????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?????. ???? ?? ??(Nri)? 9??? ??? ?? ?????. ? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ????, ?? ??(Eze Nri)? ????. ?? ??? ??? ???(Igbo Ukwu)?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????. ? ?? ??? 9????? ???.^[34]

???? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??(Ife)? ??? ??(Ooni)?? ??? ??(oba, ????? "?" ?? "???"? ???)? ????. ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????, ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?????. ??? ?? ??? ?? ??(Oyo)?? ????, ??? ??(??)? ??? ???(alaafin)??? ????, ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?(非)??? ????? ??? ????. ????? ? ??(Fon)? ??? ??? ?? ? ??? ?? ? ? ????.

?????? ??? ??? ???? ???, 11??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????.^[35] ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ? ?? ??? ??? ???? 11???? 13?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????. ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????, ?? ??? ?????, ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?????.^[36]

? ???? ??(11??-15???)

?? ??? ???? ?? ??(Sonni Ali, 1464~1492)?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?????. ?? ??? 1468? ????, 1473??? ??(Djenne)? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???. ?? ??? ???? ???? 1?(Askia Mohammad I, 1493?1528)? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??, ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ? ???(al-Maghili)? ?? ???? ??? ???.^[37] 11??? ??(Kano), ???(jigawa), ???(Katsina), ???(Gobir) ? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????, ??? ???? ??(隊商)? ????? ??? ?????. 15???? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ????, ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???.

?? ??? ??

?? ?? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ???. 7???? 20??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? 1?8??? ???? ??? ????. 1482? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?????. ?? ??? ??, ??, ??? ????. ????? 1492?? ???? ??? ????, ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???, ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???. 15???? 19???? ???? ?? ???? 7??~1?2??? ??? ???? ????.^[38]^[39]

???????? 1820??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???. ????? ?? ??? ????, ??? ?????? ???? ??? ????, ?? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???. 1808??? 1860? ?? ??? ????? ??? ? 1,600? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? 150,000?? ?????? ?????.^[40] ?? ??? ????? ? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??????, ?? "???? ??? ?"? 1851? ???? ????. ???? ??? 50? ??? ???? ???? ?????.^[41] ?????? ??? ??? ??, ???? ??, ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????. ???? ????? ??, ???, ??, ? ? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??? "??? ??"? ??? ?????. ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?????.^[42]

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1890?? ???? ??

19??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?????. ???? ??? ?? ??? ????, ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?????(????? ??? "?????Abyssinia"?? ???) ?? ???. ??? ?? ??? ?2? ????? ?? ??? ?????, ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???.

????? ?? ??? ?2? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????. 1951? ???? ??? ???? ?????. 1956? ???? ???? ????? ?????. ??? ??? ? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???. ????? ??? ??? ?? 10? ?? ??????, ???? ????? ??????, ??? ?? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???. ????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?????, 1994??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ?????.

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??? ?????? 54? ?? ?? ??? ???, ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???. ?? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???, ??, ??, ????? ????. ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????. ??? ? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???, ?? ???? ????? ?? ?? ??? ????. ?? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????, ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?????. ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ? ?? ???? ????. ?? ????? ??? ??("???? ????")? ?? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??????. ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???, 1970??? 1980??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????. 1960?? ??? 1980?? ???? ????? 70? ??? ???? 13?? ??? ??? ?????. ????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ? ?? ??? ???, ?? ??? ?? ???? ??.

????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?????. ? ??? ???? ? ??? ? ?? ? ? ?? ???? ?? ?????. ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????, ???? ??? ??? ?? ??, ???? ??? ???. 1970?? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????, ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?????. 1984? ?????? ???? ????? ?????. ?? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?????^[43]^[44]^[45]

?? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?2? ?? ????. 1996??? 2004??? ? ??? ? ??? 5?4?? ??? ???. 2003??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???. ???? ?? ?? ????? ??? ??????.

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?1? ?? ?? ?? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??

????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? 16?? ?? ??? 19?? ????? ?? ??, ??? 1960?? ?? ?? ?? ??·??·???? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ??.

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????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????. ??? ????? ??? ??? ? ?? ??? ?? ? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ???. ?? ???? 1884? ??? ‘??? ??’?? ??? ????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????. ?? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???. ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???.

????? ??

?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ? ??? ?????. 1960?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???. ??? ? ??? ? ??? ??? ???? ? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ? ??? ??????? ????????? ???? ??? ???? ??. ?????? ? ?? ??? “???? ??? ?? ‘?? ???’?? ??? ??. ?? ??(政敵)??? ?? ?? ???. ?????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????”?? ???.^[46]

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???? ??(AU)? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?????. ???? ??? 2001? 6? 26? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?????. 2004? 7?? ???? ??? ????? ??(PAP)? ????? ???? ????(Midrand)? ????, ???? ?? ? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????. ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??.

(???? ?? ???? ??) ???? ??? ???? ?? ????, ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ????? ??. ???? ??? ???, ???, ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???. ?? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????.

???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???, ?? ??? ???? ????(OAU) ????? ????? ??? ???? ? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????. ???? ?? ??? ?? ??, ??, ??, ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???.

????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??. ???? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???(? ???) ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????. (?2? ?? ??) 1998?? ??? ???? ??? ?? 5??? ??? ??. ???? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???. ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???, ?? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?? ????? ??. ?? ??? ??? ??? ? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????. ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???, ?????, ?????, ??, ????, ?? ???? ???.

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?????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????, ? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????(???? ???? ?), ??? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??, ?? ??? ??, ?? ???, ?? ??? ??, ??? ??? ?? ?? ??(?????? ??? ?????)^[47] ?? ??. ?? ?? 2003? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? 25??(151??? 175???)? ?? ???? ????.^[48]

?? ??? ??? ??, ??, ?? ??, ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??. 2008? 8?? ?? ??^[49]??? ?? 1.25$ ??(??? ??? ?? 1.00$)? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?????. 2005?? ??? ?? ??? 2.50$(PPP) ???? ??? 85.7%???, ??? ??? ????? ?? ? ?? ?? ? 80.5%? ?? ?????.^[50] ? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??(?? ?? 1.25$)? ??? ? ?? ????? ? ? ??. 1981? ?? ??? ? 50%(2? ?)? ?? ?????, 1996? ? ??? 58%?? ???? 2005?? 50%? ????.(3?8?? ?) ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? 70?? ?? ?? ???, 1973? ???? 2003?? ? ????,^[51] ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ? ? ??.

? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???. ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??, ?? ????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??.^[52]^[53]^[54] ????? ??? ?? ???? ??, ???? ?? ? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???.

????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??. ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????, ?? ?? ??? ?? ????? (??? ?? ???.) ??? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????.

??? 1995??? 2005??? ????? ?????? ????, 2005?? ?? 5%???. ???, ??, ?? ?? ? ?? ??? ? ?? ???? ???? ???, ? ? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?????, ?? ?? ??? ???. ?? ? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??. 2007? ?? ??? ????? ? 10? ??? ?????.^[55]

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?? ?????? 80%? ??? ??? ??? ????. ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????. ? ? ?? ???? ?? ? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???????.

?? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???. ????? ???? ????? ???? 300??? ?? ??? ???? ???? "?????"?? ???. ??? ??? ? ??? ??? ?? ?????? "?????"??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ? ?? ??? ????. ?? 19?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?????. ?? ? ?? ? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??????.

?????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ? ? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??. ?? ???? ??? ?????. ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?????.

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??????????? 240?? ??? ???, ?????, ?????, ??? ??????? 2? 8500? ?? ???? ????.
????????? 100? ??? ??? ???, ?? ??, ??, ?????, ???, ??? ???? ???? 3000? ?? ????.
???????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????. ?? ?? ?? ????? ??? ?? ? ?? ?????? ????.
??????? 50? ??? ??? ???, ?? ?????? 1200? ?? ???? ????. ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??. ???? ??? ???? ??? ? ???? ????.

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????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????. ?? ??? ?? ????? ??? 6,000? ? ????, ???? ??? ????? 4,000? ? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??????. ????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ? ? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????.

????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????. ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???, ??, ??? ????? ????. ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ? ???? ? ? ??. 21??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ? ? ??.

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	???	23,000	828,324	2015	22	???	Yibuuti/?????? (Jībūtī)/Djibouti/Jabuuti	DJI
	?????	121,320	5,647,168	2009	47	????	Eritrea	ERI
	?????	1,127,127	84,320,987	2012	75	??????	????? (ītyō??yā)/Itiyoophiyaa/?????/Itoophiyaa/Itoobiya/?????	ETH
	???? ?? ? ?? ?? (???)	439,781	100	2019	—	????	Terres australes et antarctiques fran?aises	FRA-TF
	??	582,650	39,002,772	2009	66	????	Kenya	KEN
	??????	587,040	20,653,556	2009	35	??????	Madagasikara/Madagascar	MDG
	???	118,480	14,268,711	2009	120	???	Mala?i/Mala?i	MWI
	????	2,040	1,284,264	2009	630	?????	Maurice/Moris	MUS
	??? (???)	374	223,765	2009	490	???	Mayotte/Maore/Mai?ty	MYT
	????	801,590	21,669,278	2009	27	???	Mo?ambique/Mozambiki/Msumbiji/Muzambhiki	MOZ
	???? (???)	2,512	743,981	2002	296	???	La Réunion	FRA-RE
	???	26,338	10,473,282	2009	398	???	Rwanda	RWA
	???	455	87,476	2009	192	????	Seychelles/Sesel	SYC
	????	637,657	9,832,017	2009	15	????	???????????????? (Soomaaliya) /??????? (a?-?ūmāl)	SOM
	?????	176,120	5,708,180	2021	25	?????	Soomaaliland/?????????? (?ūmālīlānd)
	???	619,745	8,260,490	2008	13	??	South Sudan	SSD
	??	1,861,484	30,894,000	2008	17	???	Sudan/??????? (as-Sūdān)	SDN
	????	945,087	44,929,002	2009	43	???	Tanzania/Tanzania	TZA
	???	236,040	32,369,558	2009	137	???	Uganda/Yuganda	UGA
	???	752,614	11,862,740	2009	16	???	Zambia	ZMB
	????	390,580	11,392,629	2009	29	???	Zimbabwe	ZWE
??????
	???	1,246,700	12,799,293	2009	10	???	Angola	AGO
	???	475,440	18,879,301	2009	40	???	Cameroun/Kamerun	CMR
	?????? ???	622,984	4,511,488	2009	7	??	K?d?r?sêse t? Bêafr?ka/République centrafricaine	CAF
	??	1,284,000	10,329,208	2009	8	????	???? (T?ād)/Tchad	TCD
	?? ???	342,000	4,012,809	2009	12	????	Congo/K?ngo/Kongó	COG
	?? ?? ???	2,345,410	69,575,000	2012	30	???	République démocratique du Congo	COD
	?? ??	28,051	633,441	2009	23	???	Guinea Ecuatorial/Guinée équatoriale/Guiné Equatorial	GNQ
	??	267,667	1,514,993	2009	6	????	gabonaise	GAB
	??? ????	1,001	212,679	2009	212	???	S?o Tomé e Príncipe	STP
?????
	????	600,370	1,990,876	2009	3	????	Botswana/Botswana	BWA
	?????	17,363	1,123,913	2009	65	????	eSwatini/Eswatini	SWZ
	???	30,355	2,130,819	2009	70	???	Lesotho/Lesotho	LSO
	????	825,418	2,108,665	2009	3	????	Namibia	NAM
	????? ???	1,219,912	51,770,560	2011	42	?????, ?????, ?????^[h]	yaseNingizimu Afrika/yoMzantsi-Afrika/Suid-Afrika/Afrika-Borwa/Aforika Borwa/Afrika Borwa/Afrika Dzonga/yeNingizimu Afrika/Afurika Tshipembe/yeSewula Afrika	ZAF
?????
	??	112,620	8,791,832	2009	78	?????	Bénin	BEN
	??????	274,200	15,746,232	2009	57	????	Burkina Faso	BFA
	?????	4,033	429,474	2009	107	????	Cabo Verde/Kabu Verdi	CPV
	???	11,300	1,782,893	2009	158	??	The Gambia	GMB
	??	239,460	23,832,495	2009	100	???	Ghana	GHA
	??	245,857	10,057,975	2009	41	????	Guinée	GIN
	?????	36,120	1,533,964	2009	43	???	Guiné-Bissau	GNB
	??????	322,460	20,617,068	2009	64	???,^[i] ?????	C?te d'Ivoire	CIV
	?????	111,370	3,441,790	2009	31	????	Liberia	LBR
	??	1,240,000	12,666,987	2009	10	???	Mali	MLI
	????	1,030,700	3,129,486	2009	3	????	????????? (Mūrītānyā)	MRT
	???	1,267,000	15,306,252	2009	12	???	Niger	NER
	?????	923,768	166,629,000	2012	180	???	Nigeria	NGA
	?????? ??? ??????? (??)	420	7,728	2012	13	?????	Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha	SHN
	???	196,190	13,711,597	2009	70	???	Sénégal	SEN
	?????	71,740	6,440,053	2009	90	????	Sierra Leone	SLE
	??	56,785	6,019,877	2009	106	??	togolaise	TGO
???? ??		30,368,609	1,001,320,281	2009	33

??

?????? ??? ???? ????. ??? ? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????? ????. ?? ?? ???? ???? ? ? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ? ? ??. ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ? ? ??.

????? ??? ?? ????·???·????? ???.

????? 7??? ???????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ???. ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ??? ?? 11?? ????, ???? ????? ???(聖戰), ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ?? ?????. ????? ???????? ????? 19?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ?????. ??? ????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??, ????? ??·????·?????, ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??. ???????? ??(??? 50%)? ???(20%) ?? ??? ?? ?????? ??. ????? ?????? ??? 1981? 1? 4,574? ???, ? ??? ??? ?????, 1/4? ?????, ??? 1/4? ?? ? ??????? ?? ???? ??.

???? 1?? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??????, ??????? ??? ??? 15?? ? ????? ? ?? ??? ?? ???, ? ? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????. ??? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?? 18?? ????, 19?? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???. 1981?? ??? ???, ????? ???? ?? ? 1? 3091???, ???? ? 6,978?, ?? ??? ??? ? 4,802?, ??? ? ??? ? 1,310? ???. ?? ???? ??? ???? ???, ???? ?? ????(African Independence Christian Church)? ??. ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????.

? ?? ????? ? 138?? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?? ?????????? ?? ? ????? ??? ???? ??.

??? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ??? ???, ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???. ?? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??.

??

????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??·??·????? ??·??? ????? ?????. ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??????, ?? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???.

??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ? 3/4? ??? ????. ????? ?? ???? ? 7?5,000km ? ? 30%? ????????? ???? ???, ????? ?? ??? ?????????? ???? ??. ???????? ?? ??? ??? ? ???? ??? ??? ???(整合性)?? ???? ????, ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?????. ?? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ??? 〈????－??? ??〉? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?????.

??, ??? ??(水運)? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??. ???? ??·??? ???? ? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???, ?????? ?? ??? ??·?? ?? ???? ???. ??? ???? ???? ?? UN? ?????????? ???? ???? ?? ?????????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??.???(間)? ??? ???? ???? ???, ??? ?? ????? ??????? ??, ??????? ??, ????? ?? ?? ????. ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???·??? ????? ??????, ?? ???? ??? ? ?????. ??? ??? ? ??? ??? ?? ????.

??(水運)? ?? ?, ???, ????, ???? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???, ????? ????? ???? ???? ??. ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??.

?????

??????

?????

?? ??

??

↑ ^? ^? Sayre, April Pulley. (1999) Africa, Twenty-First Century Books. ISBN 0-7613-1367-2.
↑ “Homo sapiens: University of Utah News Release: Feb. 16, 2005”. 2007? 10? 24?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2009? 5? 27?? ???.
↑ Visual Geography. “Africa. General info”. 2011? 4? 24?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2007? 11? 24?? ???.
↑ Names of countries ??? 2025-08-07 - ??? ??, Decret & Fantar, 1981
↑ ^? ^? The Berbers, by Geo. Babington Michell,p 161, 1903, Journal of Royal African people book on ligne
↑ Itineraria Phoenicia, Edward Lipinski, Peeters Publishers,p200, 2004,ISBN 90-429-1344-4 Book on ligne
↑ “Consultos.com etymology”.
↑ “'Nile Genesis: the opus of Gerald Massey'”. 2010? 1? 30?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2009? 5? 27?? ???.
↑ Drysdale, Alasdair & Gerald H. Blake. (1985) The Middle East and North Africa, Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0-19-503538-0.
↑ “Atlas - Xpeditions @ nationalgeographic.com”. National Geographic Society. 2003. 2009? 3? 1?? ???.
↑ Lewin, Evans. (1924) Africa, Clarendon press.
↑ ^? ^? (1998) Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary (Index), Merriam-Webster. pp. 10–11. ISBN 0-87779-546-0.
↑ “M5.9 – 27km ENE of Nsunga, Tanzania”. ?? ?????. 2016? 9? 10?. 2016? 9? 10?? ???. The location of the September 10, 2016 earthquake broadly places it in the East African Rift System, a 3,000-km-long Cenozoic age continental rift extending from the Afar triple junction (between the horn of Africa and the Middle East), to western Mozambique. In this context, today’s earthquake is some 200 km or more to the east of the West Branch of the Rift System, which runs along the border between the Democratic Republic of the Congo and both Uganda (in the north) and Tanzania (to the south).
↑ ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? Jacobs, Louis L. (1997). "African Dinosaurs." Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs. Edited by Phillip J. Currie and Kevin Padian. Academic Press. p. 2-4.
↑ Genetic study roots humans in Africa, BBC News | SCI/TECH
↑ Migration of Early Humans From Africa Aided By Wet Weather, sciencedaily.com
↑ Kimbel, William H. & Yoel Rak & Donald C. Johanson. (2004) The Skull of Australopithecus Afarensis, Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0-19-515706-0.
↑ Tudge, Colin. (2002) The Variety of Life., Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-860426-2.
↑ van Sertima, Ivan. (1995) Egypt: Child of Africa/S V12 (Ppr), Transaction Publishers. pp. 324–325. ISBN 1-56000-792-3.
↑ Mokhtar, G. (1990) UNESCO General History of Africa, Vol. II, Abridged Edition: Ancient Africa, University of California Press. ISBN 0-85255-092-8.
↑ Eyma, A. K. & C. J. Bennett. (2003) Delts-Man in Yebu: Occasional Volume of the Egyptologists' Electronic Forum No. 1, Universal Publishers. p. 210. SBN 1-58112-564-X.
↑ Diamond, Jared. (1999) "Guns, Germs and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies. New York:Norton, pp.167.
↑ ^? ^? ^? O'Brien, Patrick K. (General Editor). Oxford Atlas of World History. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005. pp.22–23
↑ Martin and O'Meara. "Africa, 3rd Ed." Indiana: Indiana University Press, 1995. [1] ??? 2025-08-07 - ??? ??
↑ Were Egyptians the first scribes?, BBC News | Sci/Tech
↑ Hassan, Fekri A. (2002) Droughts, Food and Culture, Springer. p. 17. ISBN 0-306-46755-0.
↑ McGrail, Sean. (2004) Boats of the World, Oxford University Press. p. 48. ISBN 0-19-927186-0.
↑ Shavit, Jacob; Shavit, Yaacov (2001). 《History in Black: African-Americans in Search of an Ancient Past》. Taylor & Francis. 77?. 0-714-68216-0.
↑ Fage, J. D. (1979) The Cambridge History of Africa, Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-21592-7.
↑ Oliver, Roland & Anthony Atmore. (1994) Africa Since 1800, Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-42970-6.
↑ “Ptolemaic and Roman Egypt: 332 BC-395 AD”. 2010? 5? 28?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2010? 5? 18?? ???.
↑ Ayoub, Mahmoud M. (2004). 《Islam: Faith and History》. Oxford: Oneworld. 76, 92–3, 96–7?.
↑ “The Fate of Africa - A Survey of Fifty Years of Independence” (html). 《washingtonpost.com》. 2007? 7? 23?? ???.
↑ Igbo-Ukwu (ca. 9th century) | Thematic Essay | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History | The Metropolitan Museum of Art
↑ Glick, Thomas F. Islamic And Christian Spain in the Early Middle Ages. (2005) Brill Academic Publishers page 37
↑ “Genetic Evidence for the Expansion of Arabian Tribes into the Southern Levant and North Africa”. 2013? 8? 2?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2009? 6? 2?? ???.
↑ Ira M. Lapidus, A History of Islamic Societies, Cambridge 1988
↑ Historical survey > Slave societies, Encyclop?dia Britannica
↑ Swahili Coast ??? 2025-08-07 - ??? ??, National Geographic
↑ Sailing against slavery. By Jo Loosemore BBC
↑ The West African Squadron and slave trade
↑ Simon, Julian L. (1995) State of Humanity, Blackwell Publishing. p. 175. ISBN 1-55786-585-X.
↑ “BBC: 1984 famine in Ethiopia”.
↑ Robert G. Patman, The Soviet Union in the Horn of Africa 1990, ISBN 0-521-36022-6, pp. 295?296
↑ Steven Varnis, Reluctant aid or aiding the reluctant?: U.S. food aid policy and the Ethiopian Famine Relief 1990, ISBN 0-88738-348-3, p.38
↑ ??? (1993? 6? 24?). “?? ??? ??, ????”. ????. 2010? 5? 1?? ???. ^{[?? ??(?? ?? ??)]}
↑ Richard Sandbrook, The Politics of Africa's Economic Stagnation, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1985 passim
↑ [2], ??
↑ “World Bank Updates Poverty Estimates for the Developing World”. 2010? 5? 19?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2010? 5? 18?? ???.
↑ “The developing world is poorer than we thought, but no less successful in the fight against poverty”. World Bank. 2009? 3? 23?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2009? 3? 27?? ???.
↑ Economic report on Africa 2004: unlocking Africa’s potential in the global economy, (Substantive session 28 June-23 July 2004) ??
↑ “Neo-Liberalism and the Economic and Political Future of Africa”. 2010? 1? 31?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2010? 5? 18?? ???.
↑ Capitalism - Africa - Neoliberalism, Structural Adjustment, And The African Reaction
↑ “Journal of Turkish Weekly”. 2008? 9? 24?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2011? 11? 7?? ???.
↑ China and Africa: Stronger Economic Ties Mean More Migration, By Malia Politzer, Migration Information Source, August 2008
↑ “IDB: Countries Ranked by Population”. 1999? 11? 28?. 1999? 11? 28?? ?? ?? |url= ? ?? ?? (???)?? ??? ??.

↑ Continental regions as per UN categorizations/map.
↑ The Spanish Canary Islands, of which Las Palmas de Gran Canaria are Santa Cruz de Tenerife are co-capitals, are often considered part of Northern Africa due to their relative proximity to Morocco and Western Sahara; population and area figures are for 2001.
↑ The Spanish exclave of Ceuta is surrounded on land by Morocco in Northern Africa; population and area figures are for 2001.
↑ Egypt is generally considered a transcontinental country in Northern Africa (UN region) and Western Asia; population and area figures are for African portion only, west of the Suez Canal.
↑ The Portuguese Madeira Islands are often considered part of Northern Africa due to their relative proximity to Morocco; population and area figures are for 2001.
↑ The Spanish exclave of Melilla is surrounded on land by Morocco in Northern Africa; population and area figures are for 2001.
↑ The territory of Western Sahara is claimed by the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic and Morocco. The SADR is recognized as a sovereign state by the African Union. Morocco claims the entirety of the country as its Southern Provinces. Morocco administers 4/5 of the territory while the SADR controls 1/5. Morocco's annexation of this territory has not been recognized internationally.
↑ Bloemfontein is the judicial capital of South Africa, while Cape Town is its legislative seat, and Pretoria is the country's administrative seat.
↑ Yamoussoukro is the official capital of Ivory Coast, while Abidjan is the de facto seat.

?? ??

? ???? ????????(? ???)?? GFDL ?? CC-SA ????? ??? ??? ???????? 〈????〉 ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????.

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???? (??)

???? - ?????????
AllAfrica.Com, ??, ??, ?? ??.
???? - ??
?? ???? ??????
????? ?? ??, ?? ??? ?? 3,800?? ??? 54? ??? ??? ???? ??.
????? ???? - ????

[Sayre-1] ? ^? Sayre, April Pulley. (1999) Africa, Twenty-First Century Books. ISBN 0-7613-1367-2.

[2] “Homo sapiens: University of Utah News Release: Feb. 16, 2005”. 2007? 10? 24?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2009? 5? 27?? ???.

[3] Visual Geography. “Africa. General info”. 2011? 4? 24?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2007? 11? 24?? ???.

[4] Names of countries ??? 2025-08-07 - ??? ??, Decret & Fantar, 1981

[book_on_ligne-5] ? ^? The Berbers, by Geo. Babington Michell,p 161, 1903, Journal of Royal African people book on ligne

[6] Itineraria Phoenicia, Edward Lipinski, Peeters Publishers,p200, 2004,ISBN 90-429-1344-4 Book on ligne

[7] “Consultos.com etymology”.

[8] “'Nile Genesis: the opus of Gerald Massey'”. 2010? 1? 30?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2009? 5? 27?? ???.

[9] Drysdale, Alasdair & Gerald H. Blake. (1985) The Middle East and North Africa, Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0-19-503538-0.

[10] “Atlas - Xpeditions @ nationalgeographic.com”. National Geographic Society. 2003. 2009? 3? 1?? ???.

[11] Lewin, Evans. (1924) Africa, Clarendon press.

[MW-12] ? ^? (1998) Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary (Index), Merriam-Webster. pp. 10–11. ISBN 0-87779-546-0.

[13] “M5.9 – 27km ENE of Nsunga, Tanzania”. ?? ?????. 2016? 9? 10?. 2016? 9? 10?? ???. The location of the September 10, 2016 earthquake broadly places it in the East African Rift System, a 3,000-km-long Cenozoic age continental rift extending from the Afar triple junction (between the horn of Africa and the Middle East), to western Mozambique. In this context, today’s earthquake is some 200 km or more to the east of the West Branch of the Rift System, which runs along the border between the Democratic Republic of the Congo and both Uganda (in the north) and Tanzania (to the south).

[dinopedia-african-14] ? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? Jacobs, Louis L. (1997). "African Dinosaurs." Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs. Edited by Phillip J. Currie and Kevin Padian. Academic Press. p. 2-4.

[15] Genetic study roots humans in Africa, BBC News | SCI/TECH

[16] Migration of Early Humans From Africa Aided By Wet Weather, sciencedaily.com

[17] Kimbel, William H. & Yoel Rak & Donald C. Johanson. (2004) The Skull of Australopithecus Afarensis, Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0-19-515706-0.

[18] Tudge, Colin. (2002) The Variety of Life., Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-860426-2.

[19] van Sertima, Ivan. (1995) Egypt: Child of Africa/S V12 (Ppr), Transaction Publishers. pp. 324–325. ISBN 1-56000-792-3.

[20] Mokhtar, G. (1990) UNESCO General History of Africa, Vol. II, Abridged Edition: Ancient Africa, University of California Press. ISBN 0-85255-092-8.

[21] Eyma, A. K. & C. J. Bennett. (2003) Delts-Man in Yebu: Occasional Volume of the Egyptologists' Electronic Forum No. 1, Universal Publishers. p. 210. SBN 1-58112-564-X.

[22] Diamond, Jared. (1999) "Guns, Germs and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies. New York:Norton, pp.167.

[O'Brien-23] ? ^? ^? O'Brien, Patrick K. (General Editor). Oxford Atlas of World History. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005. pp.22–23

[24] Martin and O'Meara. "Africa, 3rd Ed." Indiana: Indiana University Press, 1995. [1] ??? 2025-08-07 - ??? ??

[25] Were Egyptians the first scribes?, BBC News | Sci/Tech

[26] Hassan, Fekri A. (2002) Droughts, Food and Culture, Springer. p. 17. ISBN 0-306-46755-0.

[27] McGrail, Sean. (2004) Boats of the World, Oxford University Press. p. 48. ISBN 0-19-927186-0.

[28] Shavit, Jacob; Shavit, Yaacov (2001). 《History in Black: African-Americans in Search of an Ancient Past》. Taylor & Francis. 77?. 0-714-68216-0.

[29] Fage, J. D. (1979) The Cambridge History of Africa, Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-21592-7.

[30] Oliver, Roland & Anthony Atmore. (1994) Africa Since 1800, Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-42970-6.

[31] “Ptolemaic and Roman Egypt: 332 BC-395 AD”. 2010? 5? 28?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2010? 5? 18?? ???.

[Ayoub-32] Ayoub, Mahmoud M. (2004). 《Islam: Faith and History》. Oxford: Oneworld. 76, 92–3, 96–7?.

[33] “The Fate of Africa - A Survey of Fifty Years of Independence” (html). 《washingtonpost.com》. 2007? 7? 23?? ???.

[34] Igbo-Ukwu (ca. 9th century) | Thematic Essay | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History | The Metropolitan Museum of Art

[35] Glick, Thomas F. Islamic And Christian Spain in the Early Middle Ages. (2005) Brill Academic Publishers page 37

[36] “Genetic Evidence for the Expansion of Arabian Tribes into the Southern Levant and North Africa”. 2013? 8? 2?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2009? 6? 2?? ???.

[multiple-37] Ira M. Lapidus, A History of Islamic Societies, Cambridge 1988

[38] Historical survey > Slave societies, Encyclop?dia Britannica

[39] Swahili Coast ??? 2025-08-07 - ??? ??, National Geographic

[40] Sailing against slavery. By Jo Loosemore BBC

[41] The West African Squadron and slave trade

[42] Simon, Julian L. (1995) State of Humanity, Blackwell Publishing. p. 175. ISBN 1-55786-585-X.

[43] “BBC: 1984 famine in Ethiopia”.

[44] Robert G. Patman, The Soviet Union in the Horn of Africa 1990, ISBN 0-521-36022-6, pp. 295?296

[45] Steven Varnis, Reluctant aid or aiding the reluctant?: U.S. food aid policy and the Ethiopian Famine Relief 1990, ISBN 0-88738-348-3, p.38

[46] ??? (1993? 6? 24?). “?? ??? ??, ????”. ????. 2010? 5? 1?? ???. ^{[?? ??(?? ?? ??)]}

[47] Richard Sandbrook, The Politics of Africa's Economic Stagnation, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1985 passim

[48] [2], ??

[49] “World Bank Updates Poverty Estimates for the Developing World”. 2010? 5? 19?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2010? 5? 18?? ???.

[50] “The developing world is poorer than we thought, but no less successful in the fight against poverty”. World Bank. 2009? 3? 23?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2009? 3? 27?? ???.

[51] Economic report on Africa 2004: unlocking Africa’s potential in the global economy, (Substantive session 28 June-23 July 2004) ??

[52] “Neo-Liberalism and the Economic and Political Future of Africa”. 2010? 1? 31?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2010? 5? 18?? ???.

[53] Capitalism - Africa - Neoliberalism, Structural Adjustment, And The African Reaction

[54] “Journal of Turkish Weekly”. 2008? 9? 24?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2011? 11? 7?? ???.

[Africa-55] China and Africa: Stronger Economic Ties Mean More Migration, By Malia Politzer, Migration Information Source, August 2008

[uscen-57] “IDB: Countries Ranked by Population”. 1999? 11? 28?. 1999? 11? 28?? ?? ?? |url= ? ?? ?? (???)?? ??? ??.

[56] Continental regions as per UN categorizations/map.

[58] The Spanish Canary Islands, of which Las Palmas de Gran Canaria are Santa Cruz de Tenerife are co-capitals, are often considered part of Northern Africa due to their relative proximity to Morocco and Western Sahara; population and area figures are for 2001.

[59] The Spanish exclave of Ceuta is surrounded on land by Morocco in Northern Africa; population and area figures are for 2001.

[60] Egypt is generally considered a transcontinental country in Northern Africa (UN region) and Western Asia; population and area figures are for African portion only, west of the Suez Canal.

[61] The Portuguese Madeira Islands are often considered part of Northern Africa due to their relative proximity to Morocco; population and area figures are for 2001.

[62] The Spanish exclave of Melilla is surrounded on land by Morocco in Northern Africa; population and area figures are for 2001.

[Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic-63] The territory of Western Sahara is claimed by the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic and Morocco. The SADR is recognized as a sovereign state by the African Union. Morocco claims the entirety of the country as its Southern Provinces. Morocco administers 4/5 of the territory while the SADR controls 1/5. Morocco's annexation of this territory has not been recognized internationally.

[64] Bloemfontein is the judicial capital of South Africa, while Cape Town is its legislative seat, and Pretoria is the country's administrative seat.

[65] Yamoussoukro is the official capital of Ivory Coast, while Abidjan is the de facto seat.

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[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

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